Methods library · Proteins and molecules
X-ray crystallography
Also called protein crystallography, fibre diffraction
Working out a molecule's atomic structure from the pattern of X-rays diffracted by a crystal of it.
The film for this method is in production. Until then, the lessons below explain it where they use it.
Where it is taught
48 lessons use this method.
Biochemistry
- Protein Three-Dimensional Structure: How a Sequence Folds Itself
- Enzyme Kinetics: The Michaelis–Menten Model
- Protein Binding, Molecular Recognition, and Allostery
- Membranes: The Impermeable Sheet That Builds Itself
- Signal-Transduction Pathways: How Cells Compute With Molecular Switches
- Digestion: Turning a Meal into Cellular Biomolecules
- Oxidative Phosphorylation: The Electron-Transport Chain
- The Proton-Motive Force and ATP Synthase
- Photosynthesis: The Light Reactions
- The Calvin Cycle: Fixing Carbon from Thin Air
Cell Signaling
- A Field Guide to Receptors
- Phosphorylation: Kinases and Phosphatases
- GTPase Switches: The Timer
- Ubiquitin and Regulated Proteolysis as Signals
- Protein Modules: SH2, SH3, PTB, PDZ and PH
- Adaptors, Docking Proteins and Scaffolds
- GPCRs and Trimeric G Proteins
- cAMP and Protein Kinase A
- PLC, IP3, DAG and Protein Kinase C
- Calcium: The Messenger Kept at Arm's Length
- Receptor Tyrosine Kinases
- Ras to MAPK: The Kinase Cascade
- PI 3-Kinase, Akt and Insulin
- mTOR and AMPK: Reading Nutrients and Energy
- Cytokine Receptors and JAK–STAT
- Wnt: β-Catenin and Planar Polarity
- Notch: Signaling by Contact and by Cutting
- Hedgehog and the Primary Cilium
- Antigen Receptors and Checkpoints
- Ion Channels as Receptors
- Nuclear Receptors: Receptors That Are Transcription Factors
- Reverse Signaling: When the Ligand Is Also a Receptor
- Oncogenes: When the Switch Sticks
- Drugs Against a Part
- Hacking the Cell: Reporters, Actuators and Genetic Tools